Volume : 12, Issue : 5, MAY 2026

GEOGRAPHICAL REASONS FOR TRANSFORMATION IN CROP IMMUNE

SHAILENDRA KUMAR VERMA

Abstract

Plant immunity, which is the collection of biochemical, physiological and genetic resistance of the crops against the pathogen attack, is not uniform. It undergoes a radical change in its geographical location throughout the earth. In this research paper, I present the multiple geographical factors that influence crop immune competence such as climatic zone, temperature regime, relative humidity, altitude gradient, soil type and soil pH, carbon dioxide concentration, and land use change. Based on peer-reviewed data from 2020–2025, the paper reveals that tropical humid crops uniformly have reduced levels of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and increased disease incidence relative to crops grown at the temperate continental latitudes or highlands. Eight original data tables provide synthesized empirical evidence that addresses the interaction between climate and immunity, soil chemistry, pathogen pressure indices, and disease loss trends in regions. Each table is accompanied by interpretations to explain different causal mechanisms from heat-suppressed SAR to stomatal regulation under elevated CO?. The paper concludes that geographic pathogen diversification – boosted by climate change – requires geographic diversification of breeding, agronomic and policy solutions to ensure global food security.

Article : Download PDF

Cite This Article

IESRJ

International Educational Scientific Research Journal

E-ISSN: 2455-295X

International Indexed Journal | Multi-Disciplinary Refereed Research Journal

ISSN: 2455-295X

Peer-Reviewed Journal - Equivalent to UGC Approved Journal

Peer-Reviewed Journal

Article No : 16

Number of Downloads : 13

References

1. Son, S., & Park, S. R. (2022). Climate change impedes plant immunity mechanisms. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 1032820. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1032820

2. Kumar, A., et al. (2025). Climate change and plant pathogens: Understanding dynamics, risks and mitigation strategies. Plant Pathology, Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.14033

3. Tanaka, K., Mudgil, Y., & Tunc-Ozdemir, M. (2023). Editorial: Abiotic stress and plant immunitya challenge in climate change. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1197435. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1197435

4. IPCC (2023). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.

5. Pautasso, M., et al. (2023). Plant responses to climate change, how global warming may impact on food security: a critical review. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1297569. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1297569

6. Chaloner, T. M., Gurr, S. J., & Bebber, D. P. (2021). Plant pathogen infection risk tracks global crop yields under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 11, 710–715.

7. Shara, S., et al. (2021). Altitude and management affect soil fertility, leaf nutrient status and Xanthomonas wilt prevalence in enset gardens. SOIL, 7, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-1-2021

8. Alexander, J. M., et al. (2021). The effect of host community functional traits on plant disease risk varies along an elevational gradient. eLife, 10, e67340. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.67340

9. Kaur, H., et al. (2025). Plant disease suppressiveness enhancement via soil health management. Biology, 14(8), 924. MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14080924

10. Mulinge, W., et al. (2023). Predicting the future climate-related prevalence and distribution of crop pests and diseases affecting major food crops in Zambia. PLOS Climate, 2(1), e0000064. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000064

11. Dumitru, L. M., et al. (2024). The impact of climate change on vegetable crop diseases and their management. Phytopathology, 114(5). American Phytopathological Society. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-08-23-0284-KC

12. Li, Q., et al. (2024). Adaptation of high-altitude plants to harsh environments: Application of phenotypic-variation-related methods and multi-omics techniques. PMC, NCBI. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11641277/

13. Deja-Sikora, E., et al. (2021). Importance of soil temperature for the growth of temperate crops under a tropical climate and functional role of soil microbial diversity. NCBI PMC.

14. FAO (2023). The State of Food and Agriculture 2023. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

15. Singh, R. P., et al. (2025). Plant health dynamics in accordance with climate change. ScienceDirect, Crop Protection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107089